Data Transmission Modes

• Data Transfer between two devices over network.
• also known as mode of Communication
• Types
  • Simplex
    • Uni Directional
    • Data can only be sent in one direction
    • loudspeaker ,monitor, keyboard etc
  • Half Duplex
    • Bi Directional
    • But only one action can be taken at a time
    • Walkie Talkie
  • FULL DUPLEX
    • Bi directional
    • Receiving and sending at same instance
    • Telephone network

graph LR;
A[(Simplex)]-->B(Simplex)
C[(Half Duplex)]--Sending-->D(Half Duplex)
D--Receiving-->C
E[(Full Duplex)]--Sending & Receving -->F(Full Duplex)

Data Transmission

• process of transferring data b/w two or more digital devices in analog or digital form
• Types
  • Serial
    • One bit at a time
    • Slow
    • Long Distance
    • Types
      • Synchronous
        • A lot of data sent in a block
      • Asynchronous
        • only one character is sent at a time
        • Uses start and stop bits for transferring data
    • Ex: Keyboard, Mouse
  • Parallel
    • Multiple bits at a time
    • Fast
    • Short Distance
    • Ex: Printer, Scanner

graph LR;
A[(Serial)]-->B(Serial)
C[(Parallel)]-->D(Parallel)

graph LR;
A[Sender]--0-->B[Receiver]
A--1-->B
A--0-->B
A--0-->B
A----Parallel---->B
A--0-->B
A--0-->B
A--1-->B
A--0-->B

graph LR;
	A[Sender]-->D[0-1-0-1-1]-->B[Receiver]
	A--Series-->B
	

graph LR;
A[Sender]-->C[1 0 1 1 0]-->D[1 0 1 1 1]-->E[1 0 0 1 1]-->B[Receiver]
A--Series:Synchronous-->B

graph LR;
A[Sender]--Stop Bit-->F[1]-->E[1 0 0 1 1]-->G[0]--Start Bit-->B[Receiver]
A--Series:Asynchronous-->B

Data Communication

• Process of sending and receiving digital data b/w two or more computers via transmission medium such as wire cable
• 5 Components of Data Communication
  • Message
  • Sender
  • Receiver
  • Transmossion Medium
  • Protocol

IP Address

• Internet Protocol Address

• unique number provided to each and every address

• form of integric number separated by dots

• 192.168.10.26

  graph TB;
  A[Address]-->B[IP Address <br/> Logical]
  A-->C[MAC Address <br/> Physical]
  subgraph IP Types;
  IP-->X[IPV4 <br> - length 32 bits <br> - Octet -4 <br> - 0 to 255<br> - 4 billlion<br> - 192.168.10.26]
  IP-->Y[IPV6<br> - length 128 bits<br> - Octet 8<br> - 0 to FFFF<br> - 340 Trillion<br> - 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]
  end
  

• IPV6 & IPV4

  • FFFF:65535
  • 4 billion-> $2^{3 \\ 2}$
  • 340 trillion -> $2^{1\\2\\8}$
  • Uses of IP
    • PUBLIC
    • PRIVATE

• Classes of IP

  • Class A: 0 to 126 (127 reserved):125.255.23.17
  • Class B: 128 to 191: 191.23.34.123
  • Class C: 192 to 223:192.204.10.14
  • Class D: 224 to 239:used for multicasting
  • Class E: 240 to 255:reserved for research

• Network ID : 1

• Host ID: 0

• OCTET

  graph LR;
  subgraph 1:8
  end
  subgraph 2:8
  end
  subgraph 3:8
  end
  subgraph 4:8
  end
  1:8-->2:8-->3:8-->4:8
  A[Each Octet has 8 bits]
  B[Each Octet has 8 bits]
  

• Class A

  graph TB;
  subgraph A[H]
  end
  subgraph B[H]
  end
  subgraph H
  end
  subgraph N
  end
  

• Class B

  graph TB;
  subgraph A[H]
  end
  subgraph B[H]
  end
  subgraph C[N]
  end
  subgraph D[N]
  end
  

• Class C

    graph TB;
    subgraph A[H]
    end
    subgraph B[H]
    end
    subgraph C[H]
    end
    subgraph D[N]
    end
  

Difference Between IPV4 & IPV6

graph TB;
X[IPV4 <br> - length 32 bits <br> - Octet -4 <br> - 0 to 255<br> - 4 billlion<br> - 192.168.10.26]
Y[IPV6<br> - length 128 bits<br> - Octet 8<br> - 0 to FFFF<br> - 340 Trillion<br> - 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]

Mac Address

• Media Access Control
• physical address
• hardware address
• unique and permanent for all n/w devices
• FORMAT
  • MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
  • MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS
  • MMM.MMM.SSS.SSS
• Start 6: manufacturer
• End 6:NIC number
• USES
  • DEVICE tracking
  • Private communication

Difference b/w IP & MAC

IP	MAC
Logical	Physical
Network Layer	Data Link Layer
Software	Hardware
Assigned by ISP	Assigned by Manufacturer
Can be changed	Can be changed only changing LAN card
32 bits/128 bits	48 bits
identifies network	identifies device